Criminal Justice debate motions

For the purposes of this debate, decarceration targets refer to measurable goals that individual states set for themselves to reduce their incarcerated populations within a certain timeframe.

Extradition is the legal process by which one jurisdiction surrenders a person accused or convicted of a crime to another jurisdiction where the crime occurred for the purposes of prosecution or punishment.

For the purpose of this motion, assume that a technology exists that can correctly predict whether an ex-convict will re-commit crime.

Commercial media based on real-world criminals refers to entertainment made for profit — such as Hollywood movies, television series, and video games that dramatize, re-enact, or tell the life stories of actual, living, or historical criminals.

For the purposes of this debate, direct prison reforms include prison maintenance/construction, corrections staff training and wage policy, in- custody programmes, etc. In contrast, non-prison justice structures are criminal justice policies beyond prisons, including but are not limited to community justice, restoration and rehabilitation, sentencing and parole easing, etc.

For this debate, assume that juries in criminal cases only decide the verdict (guilty or not) and do not sentence. Expert juries are juries consisting of 2/3 non-lawyers who take a 4-week course about criminal law and then take on a 20h paid part-time job in the court to decide criminal cases for a duration of 1-2years. To become an expert jury you have to complete a competitive hiring process. Lay Juries are randomly selected by mail and then further picked by the prosecutor and defence attorney. These juries have no legal knowledge and do not get any teaching on the functioning of the law. They only act as jury for one case after which they are dismissed again. They are partially compensated for their time.

Undercover operations include members of the police force/intelligence forces infiltrating into criminal cells and masquerading as members of the group.

A prisoner serving life imprisonment or life sentence is someone who has been convicted of a crime and is sentenced to spend the rest of their life in prison. A medical trial is a research study that evaluates the safety and effectiveness of a new medical treatment or intervention on human health.

A victim impact statement is a written or oral statement presented to the court at the sentencing of the defendant. Victims and their friends and family may participate in both written and verbal statements. The statement serves as an opportunity for the judge to hear the personal suffering resulted from a criminal act. In status quo, these statements are often given low weightage.

A criminal record is an official document kept by the state that lists a person's past interactions with the criminal justice system. This may include arrests, charges, convictions, sentences, and in some countries, even minor offenses. Today, employers are allowed to ask applicants about their criminal history or run background checks. Employers can use criminal history when deciding whether to hire someone.

A EU-backed agency has developed and programmed Robocop. Robocop is a fully autonomous robot police officer that is an advanced artificial intelligence- driven humanoid machine equipped with a range of sensors, cameras, and communication devices. It is capable of independently patrolling designated areas, detecting criminal activities or safety hazards, enforcing laws, issuing warnings or citations, and making arrests when necessary, all without direct human intervention. It can analyse data in real-time, communicate with human operators or other law enforcement units, and adapt its responses based on the situation, all while adhering to programmed ethical and legal guidelines. Where replacing armed officers, Robocops can be equipped with non-lethal or lethal weapons systems, designed to be deployed in accordance with programmed rules of engagement.

Najib Razak is the former Prime Minister of Malaysia. He has been convicted for his involvement in the 1MDB corruption scandal and is currently serving his prison sentence. He has since received a royal pardon which will end his sentence in 2028. UMNO is Najib's former party during his tenure as Prime Minister, where he remains popular amongst grassroots party supporters. The party is currently in a coalition government with the Pakatan Harapan coalition, whom have been Najib's primary political rivals and supporters of his conviction.

A scientist has just invented The Elixir of Truth. People under the influence of The Elixir of Truth are not able to tell what they believe to be a lie, and are compelled to answer questions to the full extent of the truthoods they think are relevant to the question. The Elixir is non-invasive, and the effects stop immediately after 2 hours. You can repeatedly and endlessly take The Elixir of Truth with zero side effects or health ramifications.

Parole is the temporary or permanent release of a prisoner before the end of a prison sentence, on the promise of good behaviour.

Raising kids in prison involves mothers or fathers caring for their children while serving a sentence, often within designated family units or programs. The goal is to maintain family bonds, providing a structured and supportive environment for the children despite the challenges of being in a correctional facility.

A jury is a group of people brought together during a trial. By listening to the evidence, they decide whether the accused person in a trial is guilty or not guilty. If the jury finds the defendant guilty, the judge then decides the appropriate punishment.

Narcos, Breaking Bad and Fariña are some examples of series where the central character(s) live a life of crime and various aspects of their ways of going about are portrayed to entertain the audience.

The punishment for some crimes is paying money (a fine) to the government, rather than going to jail.

Strikes refers to a refusal to work organized by a body of employees as a form of protest, typically in an attempt to gain a concession or concessions from their employer.

The Simulation Hypothesis proposes that conscious beings could be immersed within an artificial universe embedded within a higher order of reality. This simulation exposes the human being to what an ideal situation would be and what is expected of them by society. It can be used to alter social quirks and behaviours.

Offensive cyber includes techniques such as gaining access to target systems through hacking, exploiting vulnerabilities to disable digital or physical infrastructure, or deploying malicious software. This is not an exhaustive definition.

For the purpose of this debate, the veil of ignorance is a component of the social contract that is supposed to ensure the impartiality of judgment. If adopted, the veil will make everyone in the criminal justice system blind to each other's personal, historical, and social characteristics. This includes lacking clues to their class, their privileges, their disadvantages, or even their personality.

A Victim Impact Statement is a written or oral statement presented to the court at the sentencing of the defendant. Many times victims, their family members, and friends of the victim participate in both written and verbal statements. Victim Impact Statements were created as an opportunity for the judge to hear how a criminal action has affected the victim's loved ones.

A 'new identity' for the purposes of this debate includes a new name, relocation to a new area, a new background story, and optional plastic surgery.

For the purposes of this debate, pardoning committees are made up of random citizens from the local community, similar to how jury panels are constructed. Convicted criminals can apply for a pardon, to be reviewed by the pardoning committee.

C: A citizens' assembly is a body consisting of randomly-selected citizens who conduct participatory deliberation on a given political issue. Citizens' assemblies are provided with specialist advice and are overseen to ensure they remain independent. In 2019 and 2020, France conducted a citizens' assembly, termed the Citizens' Convention for Climate, where 150 randomly-selected, demographically-representative citizens were tasked with crafting climate policy, which Emanuel Macron largely committed to implement.

For the purposes of this debate, there exists a technology that can accurately measure how successful rehabilitation has been and determine whether someone will recommit crimes in the future

Like other employees, emergency service workers may choose to all skip work when they feel like they have poor working conditions. Such examples include low pay, unfair or dangerous working conditions. Currently, the government does not allow emergency service workers to skip work and they will be penalised by losing their jobs and having their work passes revoked.

When someone is found and proven guilty of committing a crime, they are convicted of that crime and must serve the penalty and punishment as required by the law.

an ex-convict is an individual who has been deemed guilty of a crime, punished, and has fully served their punishment. For example, someone that has finished the entirety of their prison sentence and is now allowed to go back into society is an ex-convict.

Currently, employers are allowed to access the criminal record of job applicants. This gives them access to knowledge of if an applicant has ever been convicted of a crime or imprisoned.

Megacities are cities that are densely populated financial powerhouses in a country. These cities are rapidly growing and attract a lot of domestic and international investment. Examples include Beijing, Mumbai, New York City, Paris or London. Sometimes these cities are granted special permission to have different laws for business and trade than the rest of the country, but national taxation policy (e.g. people living there paying taxes to the federal government) remains under the control of the federal government.

Recidivism models refer to the technology that attempts to predict the likelihood of criminals to reoffend.

Many minority communities have independent court systems, for example, Indigenous nations in the United States or the Shariah family courts in the United Kingdom

Under 'whole life desert', criminal sentences start as 'maximums' that can be infinitely mitigated by someone's life circumstances, such that persons who commit similar crimes are punished in a way that they experience the same level of utility across their 'whole lives'. For example, an individual who has had a hard life would receive a lighter murder sentence than an individual raised in relative privilege.

Currently, each of the Lok Sabha's 543 legislators represents a constituency, and they have to win the most votes of any candidate in that constituency in order to gain a seat on the Lok Sabha. This also means that the number/source of contestants per constituencies varies. For instance, a candidate from the DMK is on a voter's ballot in Tamil Nadu alongside one from the BJP, whereas in West Bengal, a candidate from the TMC would appear on a voter's ballot alongside one from the BJP. India currently allocates constituencies (and thus seats in the Lok Sabha) to states based on their 2001 populations, rather than their current populations, aiming to give more representation to states that have had more successful family planning initiatives since then. For example,Madhya Pradesh has 29 constituencies (2.5 million people per seat) to Tamil Nadu's 39 (1.8 million per seat). In "proportional representation," political parties gain seats as a proportion of the national vote they gain (rather than gaining seats based on elections in individual districts). This means all parties who want seats in the Lok Sabha will be represented on all voter ballots (regardless of where they campaign). In this system, if a party wins 10% of the votes across the whole country, they get to occupy 10% of the legislature's seats with representatives of their choice. In general, they are required to – prior to the election – publish a ranked list of their prospective candidates in order of priority, which means, if that party wins 10% of seats, the first 10% of those candidates fill those seats.

Femicide' refers to the murder of a female because of her sex. In Latin America femicide has a legal meaning, too - since 2007 15 countries have recognised it as a distinct category of killing. The maximum for femicide in Nuevo León is 70 years, 30 years longer than for other murders.

Panacea: a remedy for for all variable problems

The "balance of probability" standard means that a court is satisfied an event occurred - if the court considers that, on the evidence, the occurrence of the event was more likely (probable) than not. "Beyond reasonable doubt" is a higher standard of proof that requires convincing the court that based on the evidence, there is no reason to doubt that the accused is guilty.

Evergrande Real Estate currently owns more than 1,300 projects in more than 280 cities across China. The Evergrande Group has expanded aggressively to become one of China's biggest companies by borrowing more than 300bn Yuan. They invested into a number of different industries ranging from wealth management to electric cars to the purchase of the country's biggest football teams, Guangzhou FC. Several factors have seen Evergrande's share price tumble by around 80% this year. Its bonds have also been downgraded by global credit ratings agencies and the company is at risk of bankrupcy.

The late Chris Benoit was a former professional wrestler who worked for the WWE. During his career, Chris Benoit held 22 championships between the industry's top promotions and won the World Heavyweight Championship in the main event of Wrestlemania XX, the largest wrestling show at the time. In June 2007, Chris Benoit murdered his wife, his son, and himself. A medical report of Chris Benoit's brain revealed he had suffered from depression and chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE). It was suggested that these resulted from numerous concussions Chris Benoit had sustained by performing moves that the WWE permitted him to do. Since then, WWE has removed, censored, and banned all mentions of Chris Benoit from their networks and media.

A ""death-qualified jury"" is a jury eligible to sit on a case where capital punishment is a prospective punishment (first guilt is determined, then the jury separately votes as to whether the guilty party should be sentenced to prison or death). In addition to all the standard qualifications, jurors on a death-qualified jury (1) cannot be opposed to the death penalty, and (2) cannot believe that the death penalty must be imposed in all instances of capital murder. "

Rehabilitation refers to the process of re-educating and retraining those convicted of crimes in order to help them reintegrate back into society. It involves various forms of approaches, ranging from psychological counseling to work training

The kafala system is a system used to monitor migrant laborers, working primarily in the construction and domestic sectors in Gulf Cooperation Council member states and a few neighboring countries, namely Bahrain, Kuwait, Lebanon, Qatar, Oman, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates (UAE). A person from the host country (the country you want to immigrate to) sponsors your VISA and takes responsibility for your stay at the host country. This system has helped a lot people to be able to immigrate. Currently, the USA has had a lot of problems in terms of determining their immigration policies. Everyday a lot of immigrates have to go through rigorous process and even after that be rejected for visa

You are a parent of a child who has been involved in murder and came up to you for help to cover up their involvement. You believe that your child was likely pressured into committing that crime and, if trialed in court, there is a strong likelihood of this child getting convicted

In criminal law, a mitigating factor, also known as extenuating circumstances, is any information or evidence presented to a court regarding the defendant or the circumstances of the crime that might result in reduced charges or a lesser sentence

"Cop shows" are fictional television shows that often follow pairs or groups of police officers as they solve crimes and put criminals behind bars. These shows often focus on the cops' perspective of crime and criminals. Examples include Law & Order, Flikken Maastricht, CSI, The Wire, C.I.D., Line of Duty, Brooklyn 99 (Escouade 99), and Stranger (Secret Forest)

Self incrimination, in law, refers to the provision of evidence or making statements that implicates or connects an individual accused of crime to the crime. Usually, countries have some protections (on paper) against compelled self-incrimination, such as the "right to remain silent". For the purposes of the debate, acts that would constitute self-incrimination would include confessions by individuals during police interrogations, testifying against oneself in court trials and agreeing to plead guilty in exchange for a lower sentence or sympathetic treatment from the courts (plea bargains).

The fruit of the poisonous tree doctrine prevents the prosecution from admitting certain evidence into a criminal case after it has been tainted by a primary illegality (acquired through illegal means, not handled stringently by protocol etc).

The standard of probable cause is met when evidence exists to prove that the suspect is more likely than not to have committed the crime. A finding of probable cause does not require the prosecutor to inquire whether there is evidence to secure a conviction or whether there is evidence that could exculpate or acquit the suspect. The standard of proof beyond reasonable doubt is met when evidence exists to produce moral certainty, not absolute certainty, that the accused committed the crime. Alternatively, it also means that no evidence exists so as to produce reasonable doubt that the accused did not commit a crime.

Defined Permit Services include access to the purchasing or renting of property, employment, and government services such as education, healthcare and welfare.

A "cultural defense" is a defense in criminal trials. It involves the defendant claiming that their actions were motivated by their cultural background and beliefs.

San Pedro is the largest prison in Bolivia and is renowned for being a society within itself. There are no guards inside the prison and police officers exclusively guard the outside of the prison only. Prisoners have to buy/rent the cells they live in, with a range of accomodation provided to them from worst to best. The families of prisoners are allowed to live with them, leaving and entering anytime they wish. Prisoners can earn money from working in the prison as messengers, hairdressers, shopkeepers and many more. The prison holds annual elections to elect a leader and executives, similar to a regular cabinet. The law in this ""society"" is made and enforced exclusively by the majority of the prisoners.

Ransomware is an ever-evolving form of malware designed to encrypt files on a device, rendering any files and the systems that rely on them unusable or inaccessible. It can be downloaded onto systems in several ways, for example when users visit malicious or compromised websites, click on attachments from spammed email, or download from malicious pages through malvertisements. Malicious actors then demand ransom in exchange for the decryption key and threaten to sell or leak exfiltrated data or authentication information if the ransom is not paid. In recent years, ransomware incidents have become increasingly prevalent among the Nation's state, local, tribal, and territorial (SLTT) government entities and critical infrastructure organizations.

The Death Note is a supernatural notebook that allows the person who has it in their possession to kill another person by simpling writing their name in the notebook. The person whose name is written in the Death Note will die as long as their face and real name is known to the person in possession of the notebook

"A balance of probabilities" refers to a burden of proof of "more likely than unlikely", or 51%. That's in opposition to the burden of "beyond reasonable doubt", sometimes equivocated to 98% likelihood, in which the prosecution ought to prove guilt is overwhelmingly likely. In the status quo, criminal lawsuits require a burden of proof of "beyond reasonable doubt" to end in conviction, whereas civil lawsuits require a "balance of probabilities" .

In certain debate formats, a "kritik" is an argument that requires the judge to, to some degree, abandon the question of whether the motion ought to be adopted and rather judge the virtue of the motion itself and the debate it produces. The team initiating the kritik typically argues that the motion in question requires teams to assume positions which may be illegitimate and/or uncomfortable, or produces a discussion which is in and of itself illegitimate, and such harm should be evaluated prior to whether the motion ought to be adopted. You cannot Kritik this motion.

Dražen Erdemović is a Bosnian Croat who fought on the Bosnian front during the Yugoslav Wars. In 1995 he was among the perpetrators of the Srebrenica genocide, having murdered (by personal estimation) around 70 men and boys. However, he did so under the explicit threat of being murdered himself, and in 1996 willingly testified on camera about what had transpired in Srebrenica as well as confessing to his crimes, and later went on to testify against Yugoslav dictator Slobodan Milošević. He was found guilty of murder as a war crime and given a prison sentence, but was handed early release after having served a little more than three years of his sentence.

The Afterlife is divided into The Good Place and The Bad Place. You go to the 'Good Place' if you have a positive point total of actions. Currently your actions on Earth are afforded points, where every act has different point creditation. All morally good acts have positive points (saving a "life, donating to charities", "sacrificing your share for someone else"), whereas your points get cut due to any negative actions (cheating, murder, arson, not taking POIs). Currently, if your motivations are corrupt, self-serving, you don't get points for otherwise seemingly positive actions, and vice versa. Humans while alive know the metrics on which they are judged (motivations versus consequences), but not the exact details.

Hypothetical: SEEK is an algorithm which can near-perfectly (90%) determine whether a prisoner is likely to commit the crime for which they have been convicted again (recidivize). The technology accounts for things such as remorse, fear of the law, willingness to integrate into society but NOT socioeconomic status, community crime rates, or racial background. Its sole priority is to ascertain whether the crime will be repeated. SEEK can be used on each prisoner once a month.

There is a farming village isolated from the rest of the world. In this village, A human sacrifice must be made yearly to ensure good harvest. On years where sacrifices were avoided the village has been met with harsh famines that leave a considerable death toll. To determine a sacrifice there is an annual rite known as ""The Lottery"" where lots are drawn to determine a sacrifice. Recently there has been a rise of crime in the village resulting to large supply of inmates.

The 'Secret Subset Bench' proposal is a hypothetical proposal where court cases are heard by benches which comprise two subsets: - 'dummy' judges who participate in the hearings but have no role in deciding the case or authoring the judgment; - 'real' judge/judges who participate in the hearings, decide the cases and author the judgment. As per this proposal, the judgments rendered disclose the number but not the identities of the real judges on the bench. Only the judges on the bench know who is a dummy judge and who is a real judge, and it can be assumed that no one else will ever find out.

Non-retroactive principle in legal system means that law, rule, or decision do not have effect on a date before it was made. In other words, a law can only be applied to an act that occurs after the law was adopted

A rotating national service is one in which citizens who meet basic requirements are randomly selected to serve in a Government service, such as the military, for a fixed period of time. After the fixed period of time, they will be replaced by other randomly selected, qualified citizens. The Police force consists of two departments: 1. Law enforcement 2. Investigation

An out-of-court settlement is when an arrangement is made formally between all parties involved in a lawsuit to resolve the dispute without the court's involvement - usually through financial compensation or mediation.)

A religious or cultural defense in a criminal trial argues that a person should not be punished for an act that violates the law because such actions are legitimate as part of their religion or culture. Cultural defenses have been employed for a wide range of actions, from polygamy to honour killings

A statute of limitation provides that proceedings shall not be held after a certain time period, usually 15 years.

The "fruit from the poisonous tree" doctrine prevents evidence obtained against procedure from being admitted in a criminal trial. Examples are evidence obtained through corporate espionage and searches without obtaining a warrant from the court.

Under German criminal law, a person can be held criminally liable for 'Unterlassene Hilfeleistung' (Failure to render assistance). This is when an individual does not render assistance in the case of an accident or an emergency although it is necessary and can reasonably be expected under the circumstances, in particular if it is possible without substantial danger to that person and without breaching other important duties.

You are a racial minority who lives in a community stigmatized by high crime rates. You are a well-respected member of your community. You've just witnessed an armed robbery committed by someone of your own minority status.

Academic journals are publications where the latest research by scientists, researchers and academics in general are published. In order to get their research published in these journals, their research would need to undergo peer review. Peer review is when this research (the initial manuscript) is sent to other experts and researchers in the same field, to undergo review, receive comments or criticism. It is only when research passes this peer review process that it is allowed to be published in an academic journal.

Judicial activism is a judicial philosophy holding that the courts can and should go beyond the applicable law to consider broader societal implications of its decisions (e.g. overturning executive policies that are perceived to be antithetical to the judiciary's conception of social progress)

"Contractual Comprehension Assessment"(CCA) is a proposed method of resolving contract law disputes. To use a CCA defence, one party must prove that due to an imbalance in access to legal representation, they have a genuine ignorance or inability to understand details of a contract they agreed to. If a court accepts there is an imbalance, relevant sections of the contract are submitted to a randomly selected panel of ordinary citizens. If they are incapable of accurately describing the legal implications of the contract without assistance, the contract (or relevant terms, if separable) is deemed void. If they can correctly interpret the contract then it is deemed valid, and the parties must comply with the terms.

Hamsterdams are areas in which the production, sale and use of all drugs is legal.

A victimless crime is an illegal act that is consensual and lacks a complaining participant (victim), including but not limited to drug use, gambling, pornography, and prostitution. No one is harmed, or if harm occurs, it is conducted with the informed consent of willing participants.

A system of election for public officials means that a significant number of middle and higher level public officials are elected by the population of their jurisdiction. The US for example has elected school board directors and fire chiefs at the local level, and elected state attorneys general and state treasurers at the state level. In contrast, some other countries have a system of appointment where practically all public officials are appointed by the government.

On 5 September 1717, King George I Issued the Proclamation of 1717 "For Suppressing Pirate in the West Indies". This document granted a pardon to all pirates who surrendered themselves to any colonial governor under the domain of the British Empire. Not only were those pirates granted a clean record, they were also offered a large sum of money for the capturing of other pirates who were guilty of piracy, murder, and treason against His Majesty.

A plea bargain is an arrangement between prosecutor and defendant whereby the defendant pleads guilty to a lesser charge in exchange for a more lenient sentence or an agreement to drop other charges.

Criminal trials typically end in one of two verdicts - "guilty" or "not guilty". Under Scots law there exists a third verdict -"not proven". This is functionally the same as "not guilty" but is typically used to indicate the jury believe the defendant is guilty but lack sufficient evidence, and is different from a mistrial in that a second trial is not guaranteed.

In the past, supreme courts in many democratic nations have made rulings that required the legislature to create policy that supported the ruling. [For example, in the Canadian case of R. v Bedford, the Supreme Court ruled that existing sex work laws were unconstitutional, and gave Parliament one year to draft new sex work policies.] As such, decisions made by the judicial branch can result in compelling the legislative branch to create legislation to support its decision. A binding referendum, is a vote by the general population on a specific policy (e.g. should our nation leave x international union) which also compels the legislature to create policy to support its decision. Currently, only the legislative branch can initiate referenda in most nations

Truth and Reconciliation Commissions (TRCs) aim to document the experiences of civilians during prolonged civil conflict. A survivor-centric TRC does not aim to identify and prosecute perpetrators and focuses predominantly on identifying and sharing survivors' testimony. A perpetrator-centric TRC can subpoena perpetrators and offer amnesty conditional upon perpetrators' offering of testimony; it is preoccupied with documenting the worst atrocities in the conflict.

The Afterlife is divided into The Good Place and The Bad Place. You go to the Good Place if you have a positive point total of actions. Currently your actions on Earth are afforded points, where every act has different point creditation. All morally good acts have positive points (saving a life, donating to charities, sacrificing your share for someone else), whereas your points get cut due to any negative actions (lying, cheating, stealing). Currently, if your motivations are corrupt, self serving, you don't get points for otherwise seemingly positive actions.

Legal realism is the view that jurisprudence should primarily rely on empirical evidence. It shifts the attention from written law codes and legal systems to a social relations based approach. Legal realism moves away philosophical inquiries into the nature and meaning of the law that are separate and distinct from the law as it is actually practiced. For example, when a court is asked to decide whether a harmful business activity is a common-law NUISANCE, the judge must ascertain whether the particular activity is reasonable. The judge does not base this determination on a precise determination of the written law and its principle. Instead, the judge balances the competing economic and social interests of the parties, and rules in favor of the litigant with the most persuasive case based on evidence.

For the purposes of this debate, a truth serum is a chemical that compels an individual to answer a question posed to them with absolute honesty and to the best of their knowledge. The truth serum can be administered non-violently even without the consent of the individual. Individuals under the influence of the serum cannot withhold information, even to the point of incriminating themselves.

" Mafia Association" laws criminalise membership of specific powerful organised crime groups

Under the doctrine of jury nullification, jury members may vote to acquit a defendant despite their belief that the accused is guilty of the crime charged. essentially, the jurors vote based on their conscience and thus refuse to apply the law to the accused because they believe it is immoral, harsh, or wrongfully applied

In 2019 the Bolivian army ousted President Evo Morales, put in place a conservative government, and engaged in widespread political persecution against Morale´s MAS political party. In November 2020 MAS returned to power in a landslide electoral victory.

"Originalism" is a concept regarding the interpretation of a Constitution that asserts that all statements in a country's constitution must be interpreted based on the original understanding of the authors at the time it was ratified.

'Statistical risk assessment' uses computer algorithms that process past incarceration data to estimate someone's likeliness to reoffend based on their easily accessible characteristics (e.g.: past incarceration, income, race, religion, age)

A "cultural defence" is a defence in criminal trials. It involves the defendant claiming that their actions were motivated by their cultural background and beliefs.

ACAB is an acronym originally meaning "All Cops Are Bastards" but has since morphed to mean things like "All Cops Are Bullshit" and "All Cops Are Bad". The slogan has been used worldwide by political dissidents who have been subjected to political backlash and police brutality. The slogan re-entered the mainstream in 2020, in response to the killing of George Floyd by Minneapolis police and is now used by many activists that are part of marginalized communities that have been directly targeted by police (e.g., LGBTQIA+, Black Lives Matter, etc). However, many in these communities believe the claim to be polarizing because of its radical roots and potential to detract from the broader narrative of police reform.

Mitigating factors in criminal sentencing are circumstances surrounding the crime that can be argued to decrease the severity of criminal punishment, including being a first time offender, genuine remorse, and mental illness. Consideration of mitigation factors DOES NOT remove punishment in its entirety, it merely REDUCES the severity of punishment. Sentencing is only done AFTER a defendant has been proven guilty. Public interest as a mitigation factor means that because a crime was committed in the interest of greater society, the criminal should be given a lighter sentence than what they would have otherwise gotten. Investigative journalism is a form of journalism in which reporters deeply investigate a single topic of interest, such as serious crimes, political corruption, or corporate wrongdoing. Investigative Journalists have had some success, (legally) exposing the Panama Papers as well as Jeffrey Epstein's sex trafficking island.

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a form of neuro intervention that acts directly on the brain to reduce the violent impulses of individuals who engage in violent crimes. The process involves applying an electrical current to the brain for 15 minutes each day, 3 days in a row. It has been highly effective in test trials but because it is such a recent development, researchers are uncertain if there are any unknown side effects that may occur.

"Hacking back" is a form of cyber vigilantism refers to operating beyond your own network perimeter. Corporations can use it to deploy active-defence tools once a cyber-intruder has hacked company's system, to "follow" the intruder to the source of an attack, disturb ongoing attacks, conduct surveillance on hackers who previously infiltrated the system, and track people who are thought to have done hacking in the past, or who, according to a tip some other intelligence, are planning an attack

Michael has killed his wife and children. While escaping he hurts himself and undergoes severe head trauma, which leads to a permanent loss of all his memory.

The technology exists to impose physical and psychological suffering on individuals (including but not limited to: pain, fear, shame). However, it does not impose direct physical harm.