War, Security & Terrorism debate motions

AI military technology is becoming very popular as countries are looking for ways to ensure safety protocols when I using services provided by large AI military tech companies like Anthropic,Open AI, Shield AI etc

"""For over two decades territorists and extremist have killed over two hundred thousand Nigerians in violent attacks on the northern boarders of Nigeria, recently 300 schools girls where kidnapped in November 2025 and in March 2026 different barracks in the region where attacked and it has been reported that 200 soldiers were killed in the attacks. In response to public demands for accountability, the government enagaged in negotiations to rescue as many kidnapped victims as they can while managing military personnels.""."

For over two decades terrorists and extremists have killed over two hundred thousand Nigerians in violent attacks on the northern borders of Nigeria. Different barracks in the region were attacked and it has been reported that 200 soldiers were killed in the attacks. In response to public demands for accountability, the government engaged in negotiations to rescue as many kidnapped victims as they can while managing military personnel.

For the purposes of this debate, the Lost Generation is a group of writers and artists who created their art in and around World War I (e.g. writers such as Ernest Hemingway, Virginia Woolf, F. Scott Fitzgerald; other artists such as Edvard Munch and Otto Dix). The art of the Lost Generation featured prominent themes of disillusionment, defeatism, and uncertainty about the future. The artists often drew from their experience of the war and their troubled personal lives. Their art has had significant influence over later artistic trends and holds a prominent position in many art and literature curriculums globally.

After the Civil War ended in 2009, the Sri Lankan Military acquired vast swathes of land owned by the native minority Tamil population (around 30,000 acres) in the Northern and Eastern Provinces of Sri Lanka. Anura Dissanayake, the newly elected President of Sri Lanka promised to return back land to the Tamils in his electoral campaign. Military bases like Palaly and Kankesanthurai are located in Jaffna, while Trincomalee and Sampur also host major military installations and are declared high-security zones.

Selective ethnic recruitment refers to colonial-era policies in which certain ethnic groups were deliberately favored for military service based on stereotypical assumptions about their inherent bravery or martial prowess, while other groups were excluded. Popular examples include the British prioritising the Sikhs and the Gurkhas while deprioritising the Bengalis in India, Northerners (e.g., Hausa-Fulani) being prioritised heavily over southern groups in Nigeria, etc.

Kiwistan and Ozlandia are neighbouring countries. Ozlandia is significantly larger and richer than Kiwistan, and Kiwistan relies assymetrically on trade with Ozlandia. However, Kiwistan has a stronger military than Ozlandia. Amid a diplomatic breakdown, Ozlandia has cut off trade with Kiwistan and imposed harsh sanctions. Attempts at negotiations have failed.

Currently, the Sudanese Army is fighting off the controversial paramilitary opposition force, the RSF, near the country's most lucrative oil refineries. The RSF is attempting to secure control over oil refineries to limit the government's access to the oil industry and its profits. Sudan's biggest source of income is its oil, with countries like China, India, and Japan being its biggest buyers. 

Autonomous robot is a machine that can perform tasks or make decisions without human intervention, using sensors, algorithms, and artificial intelligence to navigate and adapt to its environment.

The United Nations was founded in 1945 to maintain peace through diplomacy, cooperation, and conflict prevention. Over time, however, it has increasingly relied on military peacekeeping and armed interventions, deviating from its original role as a neutral peace-maker and mediator of disputes.

Dolores Umbridge is appointed as the Defense Against the Dark Arts teacher and later becomes Hogwarts' High Inquisitor. Under her dictatorial leadership, the Ministry of Magic imposes strict control over the school, forbidding practical defense lessons and punishing dissent. Despite increasing signs of Lord Voldemort's return, the Ministry refuses to acknowledge this threat. In response, a group of students led by Harry Potter forms Dumbledore's Army (D.A.), a secret organization that teaches practical defense skills, promotes student solidarity, and prepares for the dark forces ahead. Participation is explicitly against school rules and, if discovered, could lead to expulsion or other serious punishment.

For the purposes of this debate, a 'German victory' refers to a counterfactual scenario in which the Central Powers, led by Germany, defeat the Allied Powers and dictate a peace settlement favorable to their interests. This could include territorial acquisitions, economic dominance in Europe, the preservation of the German Empire and monarchy, and the weakening or collapse of colonial powers such as Britain and France.

Ukraine has been engaging in a series of military operations in Sudan and Syria, sending their special forces units to engage Russian military and mercenary forces in both countries.

For the purposes of this debate, military leaders would still be subject to the authority of elected civilian leaders.

Eco-terrorism refers to the use or threat of violence against property or people, committed in order to forward environmental causes or for environmental-political reasons.

The Wagner group is a Russian state funded paramilitary group composed of mercenaries hired to carry out military operations. They have been instrumental in Russia's invasion of Ukraine and has carried most of the specialized strikes in the operation. Recently, the Wagner group has mounted a mutiny against Putin, marching armed forces into the country, stopping only 200km from Moscow. The head of the mutiny, Yevgeny Prigozhin, was greeted warmly by Russian citizens and met as well with strong anti-Putin sentiments. The mutiny was eventually stopped by a deal brokered by Lukashenko, President of Belarus and the Wagner group walked away unscathed from any Russian retaliation

Ukraine is currently attempting to engage Russia in peace talks, but both sides are claiming that the other country has no actual desire for peace.

"Commanding Distance" is a military approach according to which commanders should actively maintain social and emotional distance from their subordinates. When interacting with their subordinates, commanders following this approach will typically: not express emotions or vulnerabilities, not share details from their personal lives, avoid social interactions and maintain a purely professional relationship.

Formed in 1949 with the signing of the Washington Treaty, NATO is a security alliance of 30 countries from North America and Europe. NATO's fundamental goal is to safeguard the Allies' freedom and security by political and military means.

The WWE is a scripted show where athletes participate in predetermined wrestling matches, the ultimate goal of which is to become WWE champion. Jinder Mahal was the first Indian WWE champion (although Indians had held other championships in the company before). In an attempt to capture the Indian market the WWE wrote for his character to win the biggest belt in the company after having portrayed him as an enhancement talent (someone who's character only exists to lose to other stronger characters) for years before that.

The doctrine of command responsibility stipulates that a superior military leader is responsible for crimes committed by their subordinates and for failing to prevent or punish (as opposed to crimes they ordered).

The Martial Law under the Marcos regime caused some of the worst atrocities the Filipinos have ever experienced. After the fall of the dictator, punitive measures for justice have been pursued . Several lawsuits were filed against the Marcos family and the Philippine Comission for Good Governance (PCGG) was established to seize the ill-gotten wealth of the Marcoses. Imelda Marcos was found guilty of graft and corruption. Currently, Ferdinand Marcos' children (Bongbong and Imee) have taken important political positions and are on track to gain more. TRC, also known as a truth and reconciliation commission, is an official body tasked with discovering and revealing past wrongdoings by a government, in the hope of resolving conflict left over from the past.

The Ministry of Labour and Employment launched the e-Shram portal for creating a National Database of Unorganised Workers (NDUW). It came to be as a result of the Supreme Court directing the Government to complete the much needed registration process of India's 398-400 million unorganised workers. The portal seeks to make accidental coverage, welfare schemes and benefits for interstate migrants accessible; however, the system is plagued with multiple technology failures which have inturn highlighted another pertinent concern - India's digital literacy and lower teledensity.

The literal meaning of Jihad is struggle or effort. Muslims use the word Jihad to describe three different kinds of struggle namely a believer's internal struggle to live out the Muslim faith as well as possible, the struggle to live as a good Muslim society and the struggle to defend Islam, with force if necessary. The term has been more infamously and commonly associated with Islamist fundamentalists, to refer to the instances of violent resistance and militaristic pursuits to defend the faith.

Sabah and Sarawak are East Malaysian states. They have historically had a different political, economic, and social identity than that of West Malaysia.

You are an influential female journalist in Afghanistan. The Taliban recently took over the government and you have been threatened to leave the country. The UK government has offered you safe passage in their country.

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You are a highly skilled hacker. One day you accidentally found out that the world is created and operated by a God code. Everyone's fate is predetermined by the God code. And no matter what people do will never change their fate. You know for certain that the code is unbreakable in the forseeable future. Only you know the existence of the code for now.

Lethal autonomous weapon systems (LAWs) are a special class of weapon systems that use sensor suites and computer algorithms to independently identify a target and employ an onboard weapon system to engage and destroy the target without manual human control of the system. LAWs may operate in the air, on land, on water, under water, or in space.

Over the last few decades, governments have poured billions of dollars into developing military technology, resulting in rapid development. Examples include nuclear bombs, unmanned airplanes, snipping drones, etc.

You believe with absolute certainty that the world will be completely overrun by the forces of pure evil. You have the ability to stop it - but the world itself is the cost.

G-7 countries including Germany, France, the United Kingdom, and the United States, have engaged in talks with the new Taliban administration in Afghanistan, calling it a "government," or "regime," although falling short of official recognition.

A hollowed state has a governance system where the state primarily and predominantly contracts all traditional public services and goods to third party organizations (e.g. corporations, non-profit organizations, NGOs, aid agencies, etc.). The government, both national and local, in a hollowed state develops the political agenda of their state and facilitates a network of participating third parties but has a reduced control and supervision over projects handled by third parties. These third parties bid for government projects and become accountable for the end-to-end management and completion of these projects.

* Gulf States refer to Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates. ** States in the horn of Africa include Djibouti, Ethiopia, Somalia, Eritrea.

Resident Evil is a VR machine. It leads its user through a set of scenarios aimed at testing whether the user would diverge from universal moral norms. These norms could include not killing, not stealing, not betraying others, or similar. While connected, the simulated scenarios feel completely real to the user. All adults are tested on Resident Evil and their results are publicly available.

Mali fell under French colonial rule in 1893, up until 1960 where after active resistance it had its first President as an independent country. Last month, Mali's transitional president and prime minister were arrested by members of Mali's military, hours after a cabinet reshuffle which left out two supporters of the junta who had seized power in September. West Africa's ECOWAS bloc has called for the immediate release of President Bah N'Daw and Prime Minister Moctar Ouane and urged its transitional government "to resume its course and conclude within the established timeframe."

Decolonization refers to the act of reclaiming aspects of a previous colony as independent from its colonizer, prioritizing the self-determination of the post-colonial state and its law, infrastructure and society.

The "banality of evil" refers to the notion that heinous and evil acts can be committed by "ordinary" individuals whose sole motivation is to advance in the system of their bureaucracy.

In the Attack on Titan universe, Eldians are an oppressed group of ethnic minorities. In the country of Marley, they are forced to live in internment zones and are treated as second class citizens without any civil liberties and regularly suffer abuse from Marleyan police and civilians. "Warriors" are Eldian children who volunteer to join the Marleyean military to become Titans, extremely powerful humanoid weapons. Warriors participate in very dangerous missions, often against foreign Eldians, and have a maximum lifespan of 13 years. However, Warriors and their family members, including future generations, automatically receive honourary Marleyan citizenship and gain the rights of regular Marleyan citizens.

The Zimbabwean military coup d'état in November 2017 by factions of the Zimbabwe Defense Forces (ZDF) forced the resignation of former President Robert Mugabe, a week after he had dismissed his vice-president Mnangagwa. Less than a week following the coup, Mnangagwa was sworn in as interim president to serve the remainder of Mugabe's term before re-elections would be held. The recent Zimbabwean coup thus serves as an example of a military coup that was followed by a swift handover of power to a constitutionally designated authority

In times of war, countries often temporarily pass emergency policies that strengthen the power of the government. These powers can include (but is not limited to) direct economic management (including where people work), asset seizure, the ability to bypass legislative houses for policy, control of the media and more

Sovereign Immunity is an immunity granted Indigenous communities, which allows members of that community to be prosecuted by their own laws even when they commit crimes against individuals who are not members of that community

Unmanned Combat Vehicles are armed ground, aerial, or underwater vehicles (commonly referred to as drones) that are operated remotely, without a human on board. In the last few years they have been used extensively in military conflicts, including by the United States and the Houthis in Yemen, by Azerbaijan in Nagorno-Karabakh, and by Turkey in northern Syria.

Project Cybersyn was a project in Chile that aided in the decision-making and management of the country's national economy. It was an autonomous network of computers in state-run enterprises that relayed and accepted information to and from the government. Data collected included the supply of materials, labor levels, energy use, etc., and alerts were made to the enterprises and the government if imbalances arose. These data were processed and simulated to forecast possible outcomes of economic decisions. Some believe that this might have been a precursor to an AI-planned central economy. On Sept. 11, 1973, Project Cybersyn was abandoned during a military coup backed by the CIA.

Private Military Companies (PMCs), also known as private security companies (PSDCs), specialize in providing armed security and military related services across the globe. The employees of PMCs are commonly refereed to as mercenaries. Since the Iraq War, PMCs have seen a significant growth in business worldwide.

A small town in Israel was hit by a surprise Iranian Nuclear Attack. Currently, the Israeli Navy has a submarine stantioned in the Persian Gulf allowing it to have second strike capability. This capability refers to an assured ability of a country to response to a nuclear attack with powerful nuclear retaliation against the attacker

You are an International Humanitarian Organization operating in a conflict zone in Africa. The government has instructed your organization that in order to remain working in the country, you must provide 50% of your donations to the government or else all access to the country will be forcibly cut off.

Vaccine passports" are documents that are currently being considered or adopted by many countries in the attempt to reopen some economic activities during Covid-19. These can be apps or documentation to prove that an individual has received the full dose of vaccination or has already survived the disease and has immunity that way. They can be required for domestic economic activities, such as attending bars or concerts, or considered for the purposes of international travel, such as allowing those with a vaccine passport to bypass quarantine.)

You are an intergalactic detective. It has come to your attention that - contrary to widely understood belief - Krypton is infact intact and Superman's parents are alive.

At the end of Avengers End Game, Captain America is able to wield Thor's hammar, Mjölnir, and uses it to battle Thanos and his army. Mjölnir is said to be only wielded by those it deems 'worthy'.

Post-COVID' refers to a near future where a country no longer bears a likely risk of community transmission. This is generally achieved upon mass circulation of a COVID vaccine.

On 11 January 2021, the United States of America designated Yemen's Houthis rebels, who have been fighting the government for around six years, a Foreign Terrorist Organisation (FTO).

Secession refers to the process of a region or province formally withdrawing membership and separating from a federal nation, to form their own sovereign state, with their own separate government. The secession of a region usually requires a referendum (a vote by the public in that region) to be accepted as legitimate. For purposes of this debate, a protracted conflict refers to (sometimes violent) conflict between rebel group(s) and the state that has been prolonged for some time.

The Hajj, in Islam, is the pilgrimage to the holy city of Mecca in Saudi Arabia, the holiest city for Muslims. Hajj is one of the five pillars of faith in Islam, and is a mandatory religious duty for Muslims that must be carried out at least once in their lifetime by all adults provided they are physically and financially capable of undertaking the journey, and can support their families during their absence.

Mind Mapping technology allows one to scan a person's nervous system and upload it onto a computer. The computer perfectly simulates the individual's responses to stimuli. The simulations can be said to be 'alive' in the virtual world.

Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution is a clause outlawing war as a means to settle international disputes involving the Japanese state and banning the development of national war potential. War potential means any force exceeding a minimum level necessary for self-defence. Defensive weapons are allowed but not offensive ones such as ballistic missiles and nuclear weapons. The Article was added to the Constitution during the Allied Occupation of Japan following WWII as a Pacifist clause and bars Japan from maintaining an Army, Navy, or Air Force. In practice, Japan maintains a Self Defense Forces, a de facto military force.

Taking hostages for ransom has become highly prevalent across the globe. For example, there have been several recent instances of armed bandits abducting schoolchildren in northern Nigeria. Kidnappings have also frequently occurred in other places, such as American journalist James Foley's kidnapping by by ISIS, which demanded a large ransom for his release. In recent years there has also been a proliferation of ransomware, computer malware by which hackers freeze access to data (for individuals, hospitals, schools, local governments, etc.) and demand payment in exchange for giving back access to that data. Such ransomware has recently been used by Russian-state backed hackers to ascertain leverage on Ukraine and by Chinese nationalists to target Tibetans.

Mahira Khan is a successful Pakistani actress and cultural icon. The majority of her work has been in Pakistan, although in 2017 she made in debut in the Hindi film industry with the film 'Raees', co-starring with Shah Rukh Khan. Historically when tensions between India and Pakistan have been high, Bollywood films have often been banned in Pakistan, and the Indian Motion Picture Producers Association has also banned Pakistani actors from working in India. For the purposes of this debate, a prominent and well-funded Bollywood studio is producing a high budget film telling the story of the romance of an Indian and Pakistani couple, intended to convey a positive message of kinship and compassion. Mahira has been offered the female lead, and is invited to travel to India for filming. The Indian government has offered a visa and travel method that bypasses the existing travel bans applied as a result of ongoing tensions. Assume COVID-19 is not a consideration in this debate

There is a pill that can temporarily remove the need for sleep

In the Islamic faith, a fatwa is a non-binding but authoritative legal opinion or learned interpretation issued by a qualified religious leader, pertaining to Islamic law and ethics. Followers are expected to adhere to these rulings. Wahhabism is an Islamic doctrine and religious movement that is often described as ultraconservative and puritan. It aims to restore what its believers consider to be the only correct and pure form of Islam. Saudi Arabia politically and financially supports Wahhabism around the world.

Currently, there is no overarching state or non-state body, such as a church or set of religious figures, that interprets and imposes one set of Islamic teachings. There is also no formal institution like the Vatican or other ecclesiastical body for Muslims.

You are the opposition leader in a crisis-laden country caused by the President that was democratically-elected, but has descended into authoritarianism. This President has also been proven to have violated human rights in the past."

The Islamic Banking (IB) system accounts for 3- 4.3 trillion dollars. IBs follow Shariah tenants in lending practices, not lending to or investing in businesses such as gambling or alcohol. They also offer Shariah-compliant financial services and products (such as: Islamic bonds). If a business invested in is identified as Shariah non-compliant, any proceeds will be donated to a charitable cause or the terms of contract redrafted to achieve compliance. This produces Sharian Non-Compliance Risk, or the risk of not being able to meet Capital Adequacy Requirements (the asset backing a bank is to have for risk exposure). In Bangladesh, Shariah banks, which make up 25% of all banking assets, receive lower regulatory standards than conventional banks. They are allowed to have a rate of 90% on loans to deposits, while conventional banks are capped at 85% .They must maintain only an 11% combined cash reserve and liquidity ration (CRR and SLR) while conventional banks' requirements is 18.5%. T

It is Christmas. In otherwise pristine snow, the track marks of Santa Claus' sleigh are visible. A policeman is walking around the field to savour the Christmas spirit and suddenly discovers a small booklet. It is Santa Claus' list with no less than a complete list of all transgressions of everyone on the planet. The policeman immediately recognizes the potential power of such a list. In the back of the booklet is Santa Claus' address.

You are a Viking King responsible for the heavily fortified city of Kattegat, with an army of 5000 soldiers and food and water supplies which would normally last a few weeks. A French invasion of 15,000 soldiers, led by your Uncle Rollo, is due to arrive in a week or two. You have no reinforcements or allies.

With the support of the Chinese government, infamous supervillain Dr Apocalypse has used geo-engineering technology to create a flying island nation off the coast of the northeastern United States. The Chinese and Russian governments have immediately recognised Dr Apocalypse's flying nation as a sovereign and independent state, Skytopia.

In conflict zones, "protection money" refers to money that organizations (e.g., news agencies, nonprofits, businesses) pay insurgent groups to refrain from attacking their operations in that region.

Effective Altruism is a philosophy and social movement whose guiding principle is to use all available resources for international and development aid in the most effective way possible. It aims to maximise the effectiveness of aid using rational and evidence-based tools, dismissing the attitude that all aid is good and should be encouraged.

Pablo Escobar as part of his personal zoo imported a group of hippos into Columbia. Since then these hippos have multiplied and have now spread into the main waterways. They are the largest group of hippos outside of Africa and are currently classified as an invasive species. If their population is not controlled, it could potentially cause damage to the bio-diversity of the region.

The Sokovia Accords are a set of legal documents designed to regulate the activities of enhanced individuals (superheroes), specifically those who work for either government agencies such as S.H.I.E.L.D. or for private organizations such as the Avengers. Established by the United Nations and ratified by 117 nations, the accords serve as a ""middle point"" between the Avengers' desire to secure world peace and the international community's concern over the repercussions of the Avengers' actions. In 2016, a devastating terrorist attack in Lagos, Nigeria resulted in the deaths of twenty-six people, eleven of the victims being relief workers from the African nation of Wakanda. The attack, which was deemed a public relations disaster, prompted the international community to call on the United Nations to create a system of accountability

Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) is a hypothetical computer program which has general intelligence: it can learn any intellectual task to a super-human level. By contrast, narrow artificial intelligence can only carry out specific tasks, e.g. image analysis, playing chess.

Andaman and Nicobar islands(ANI) are Island territories of Republic of India situated in Bay of Bengal. The armed forces of India has a moderate presence in the archipelago with few naval and airforce bases. Since 1980 there have been calls by civil society members and members of armed forces to increase military presence in the archipelago to deter Chinese naval presence near the Indian territorial waters. This policy includes strategies like increasing the number of ports, airports, missile batteries and increased cooperation with US, Australian and Japanese Navies to create a submerged sonar system which runs from the northernmost to southernmost island which may potentially detect presence of Chinese submarines etc

The council of ministers, formally known as the council of E.U., is a body of the EU made up of ministers of the member states. Each country sends a single minister, representing the field currently discussed. The council negotiates and approves EU legislation, usually together with the EU Parliament. The European Parliament (EP) is a legislative branch of the European Union. It is directly-elected and made up of 705 members (MEPs) representing all EU countries.

You are the leader of a small medieval city state with a peasant population of 10,000 in addition to an elite military guard of 1000. Your scouts have reported a barbarian invasion from the north numbering 10,000 due to arrive in a week. Your city is fortified with a wall 10m tall and 3m thick. The city has supplies which would normally last a few weeks. The people have faith in you as a leader, but are understandably fearful of the invasion. There are no reinforcements or allies. Winter is coming

Judicial supremacy is a system where judges are empowered to strike down laws passed by the legislature that they believe are inconsistent with constitutional law (for example, with a Bill of Rights). The most famous example of judicial supremacy is the US Supreme Court.

A "national allegory" is a work (or a part of a work, like a character) that functions as a metaphor for the nature, history, or destiny of the nation. A famous example is Saleem Sinai in Salman Rushdie's Midnights Children. Born on the stroke of midnight on the eve of India's independence, Saleem's fate is tied to that of post-independence India.

An authoritarian democracy is one in which democratic institutions exist but may be manipulated or heavily influenced by the ruling party or certain elites of society.

China introduced a National Security Law that applies within the jurisdiction of Hong Kong and criminalises; any form of Protests, Secession - breaking away from the country (China); Subversion - undermining the power or authority of the central government and Terrorism - using violence or intimidation against people collusion with foreign or external forces. Hostile rhetoric from the international community, particularly USA and U.K., has ratcheted up in recent days over Beijing's new national security law for Hong Kong.