International Relations debate motions (page 3)

Climate refugees or climate migrants are a subset of environmental migrants who were forced to flee due to sudden or gradual alterations in the natural environment related to at least one of three impacts of climate change: sea-level rise, extreme weather events, drought and water scarcity

Under a Negative Interest Rate policy, banks and other financial institutions are required to pay interest (rather than earning for parking excess cash beyond what regulators say they must keep on hand for safety reasons securely with the central bank. An eventual by product of this policy is that commercial banks also charge negative interest to customers , I.e. instead of receiving money on deposits, customers must pay to keep their money in the bank.

Multiple Hong Kong pro-democracy candidates have been barred from standing in upcoming legislative elections including prominent Hong Kong activists and several candidates from more traditional pro-democracy parties. The Hong Kong government has postponed September's parliamentary elections by a year, saying it is necessary amid a rise in coronavirus infections.

In the 1990s, Japan companies dominated the electronics industry (TVs, computers, video games, cameras, and others) with over 60% of the global market share. Some notable firms included Canon, Fujifilm, Nikon, Nintendo, Panasonic, Sharp, Sony, Toshiba, and others. Since the early 2000s, their global market share declined to just under 10% as China and South Korea revamped their production with substantial government subsidies.

Two sovereign structures are commonly recognized as countries today: the nation-state and the city-state. A nation-state is bound together by national identity, as defined by common factors such as language, shared history or descent. A city-state is an independent, self-governing country contained totally within the borders of a single city. Only 3 countries are recognized as city-states today: Monaco, Singapore and Vatican City.

The BNO Passport is a travel document that does not carry any citizenship rights; however, holders are entitled to consular assistance outside of Hong Kong and China with it. The BNO Passport was issued to citizens of Hong Kong by the UK prior to when Hong Kong was handed over to China in 1997. Recently the UK has said the country would move to scrap the six-month stay limit for BNO holders, and instead, BNO holders would be able to apply to work and study for extendable periods of 12 months and that will, itself, provide a pathway to future citizenship.

The term collateral refers to an asset, e.g. real estate, that a lender accepts as security for a loan. If the borrower defaults on their loan payments, the lender can seize the collateral and sell it to recoup some or all of its losses.

International courts are neutral bodies not affiliated with any single country that adjudicates disputes between nations or international affairs. Cases are judged by a panel of judges appointed from different nations. Examples of international courts include, but are not limited to, the International Criminal Court (ICC), International Court of Justice (ICJ), European Court of Human Rights (ECHR). Crimes against the Earth are acts that directly or indirectly cause harm to the environment, for instance mass deforestation, destruction of ecosystems etc"

A bond is an amount of debt that companies or states issue in order to raise money. Creditors provide that amount of money asked for in a loan and receive the bond in exchange. After a certain period of time, the bond reaches maturation and the amount loaned (called the 'principal') must be returned with interest. A bond default occurs when the bond issuer fails to make an interest or principal payment within the specified period.

First Contact refers to meeting between two people of previously unknown cultures or contexts to either party.

The Organisation of Islamic Cooperation is an international organization founded in 1969, consisting of 57 member states. The organisation states that it is "the collective voice of the Muslim world" and works to "safeguard and protect the interests of the Muslim world in the spirit of promoting international peace and harmony". Prominent members include Pakistan, Indonesia, Saudi Arabia, Iran, Turkey and Nigeria.

In 2016, Turkey began accepting refugees from the Syrian and Iraqi conflicts to limit their entry into the EU and taking in refugees who had entered Greece in exchange for fast-tracking negotiations for its potential accession into the EU. In 2020, Turkey stopped policing its border with the EU and has allowed refugees to enter into the EU again.

The National Security Law of Hong Kong is a wide-ranging new set of powers given to the Chinese government which makes it easier to punish protesters and reduces the city`s autonomy. Following the passing of the HK National Security Law, The PM has suggested that roughly 3 million HK residents who hold or are eligible to apply for a British overseas passport, could be granted 12-month renewable visas that would allow them to work in Britain and put them on a path to citizenship

Indian Matchmaking is a reality TV Show about arranged marriages in Indian culture. The show follows Sima Taparia, a professional matchmakers, as she jets around the world, quizzing wealthy, and upper-caste clients on their preferences, handing them "biodatas" for potentially compatible mates (that`s the term she uses for what seems to be a cross between a resume and a dating profile) and ultimately introducing them to be prospective spouses.

An explosion occurred in Beirut, Lebanon, on August 4, leaving over 200 dead and 6,000 injured. The government has declared a two-week state of emergency. Lebanon's government operates on a broad power-sharing arrangement, with designated seats in the legislature reserved for members of each of its major religious denominations - e.g. Maronite Catholic, Eastern Orthodox Christians, Sunni Muslims, Shi'ite Muslims, Druze Muslims. President of France Emmanuel Macron visited the country last week, pledging significant international support for the country's reconstruction efforts.

The UAE-Israel Peace agreement or the Abraham Accord promises to establish normal diplomatic, security and economic relations between the two countries in exchange for Israel agreeing to hold off on annexing the West Bank

Palestine area is divided into two main territories: Gaza, located on the eastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea, and the West Bank, located on the west side of the Jordan River.

The Gerudo are a race in the land of Hyrule from the popular video game series, 'The Legend of Zelda'. Despite the dangers of Hyrule, they have succeeded in remaining relatively insulated from war or crisis. This is partially due to the fact that they live in a city (Gerudo Town) in a remote desert and also because they are a society made up largely of highly skilled warriors. Due to a strange genetic quirk, only one Gerudo male is born every 100 years. As such, the Gerudo are a race almost exclusively made up of women. The average Gerudo lives for around 380-400 years. The Gerudo can breed with some other humanoid beings. At present, Gerudo Town is entirely locked off to all men of other races. Some women of other races are permitted entry but only after having proven themselves to be worthy. Some Gerudo are known to sneak out to find boyfriends.

The One Belt One Road (OBOR) is a Chinese state-backed project. OBOR involves building a network of roads, railways, maritime ports, power grids, oil and gas pipelines and associated infrastructure. Over 100 countries have been involved with the project. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is an international organisation that aims to promote global economic growth and financial stability, encourage international trade, and reduce poverty.

Foreign tie ups in university educaiton look like dual certification programs (e.g.. India Institute of Hotel Management allows a degree from London Culinary Institute in addition to its own), or foreign exchange student programs with universities. Entry of foreign universities involves established universities opening up new branches in other countries (e.,g NYU opening up a branch in Dubai, Monash opening up a branch in Malaysia, etc)

Covid diplomacy" is the strategy of providing COVID responses (e.g. large-scale testing programs, significant upgrades in treatment capacity, and access to Covid-19 vaccines) to extract concessions from a country.

Recently, the National Assembly of South Korea passed a law fining and jailing individuals who send anti-DPRK information to the North Korean border. This is done usually by Christian missionaries, North Korean Defector organizations, and other activists through attaching leaflets or flash drives in big balloons that can cross the border.

The right to exist is a right that is said to be attributed to nations. According to some philosophers, a state has the right to exist when individuals are willing to sacrifice their own interests for the community it represents. Unlike self-determination, the right to exist is an attribute of states rather than of peoples. This right is currently not recognized by international law but is often asserted to be a right by peoples attempting to establish/justify their own state (Israelites, Kashmiris, Kurds, etc.).

The landlocked and mountainous Laos aims to become the "Battery of Southeast Asia" to boost its economy and escape its prolonged poverty by exporting hydropower electricity harnessed through its dams on the Mekong River system to its richer neighbors. The development plan was financed through loan grants from China and currently has 16 hydropower stations. Thailand, Cambodia, and Vietnam, as downsteam (Lower Mekong) countries, are protesting against dams built in China and Laos (Upper Mekong) for contributing to the prolonged drought conditions in the entire Indochina region.

On the back of a prolonged military conflict, Armenia handed over control of the Nagorno-Karabakh region to Azerbaijan in a deal mediated by Russia. The deal also mandates the presence of Turkish and Russian forces acting on ground as peace keepers.

Vaccine diplomacy is a concept whereby nations provide necessary medial supplies such as masks or vaccines to other nations and, in exchange for these "donations," gets acess to the nation in many ways. For example: In September, Zimbabwe gave concessions to Chinese companies to mine for coal in its Hwange National Park, one of Africa's most precious wildlife reserves aftere China had sent many medical donations and trial versions of their vaccine to many African countries.

"The G20, group of rich nations and big emerging powers, will extend their Debt Service Suspension Initiative (DSSI) until the middle of next year to help the world's poorest countries cope with the fallout of the COVID-19 crisis. The payments covered are not forgiven but delayed, with a repayment period of three years and a one-year grace period. It offers a temporary suspension of "official sector" or government-to-government debt payments. Debt Forgiveness is the partial or total cancellation of debt."

The Film Censorship System refers to the policy of China's ruling party over all forms of media and entertainment, including books, television, film, radio, news media, and social media. In order to enter the influential Chinese Film Market, more and more Hollywood filmmakers and producers have embraced this policy.

As a response to brain drain, DOST introduced the Balik Scientist Program which has the following benefits: a. Exemption from Professional Regulation Commission licensing provided they have advanced degrees abroad b. Exemption from renouncing oath of allegiance to their previous country c. Relocation assistance (enrollment of children in their preferred schools, employment for spouse, per diem allowance) for long-term returnees The said program hopes to encourage Filipino scientists and experts to return to the country and share their expertise for the country's scientific, agro-industrial, and economic development.

South Korean president Moon Jae-In's Peace Initiative seeks to achieve a peaceful, nuclear weapons-free Korean Peninsula. The South Korean government adheres to this initiative by seeking neither regime change in North Korea nor unification by absorption on South Korean terms. In early November 2019, two North Korean fishermen were repatriated to the North where they likely faced execution. This was the first time since the end of the Korean War that the country had expelled North Korean refugees — or "defectors" , who were already on South Korean soil and expressed a desire to stay.

Since 5 May 2020, Chinese and Indian troops have engaged in aggressive melee, face-offs and skirmishes at locations along the Sino-Indian border. Since the beginning of the skirmishes, geopolitical tensions have rapidly escalated, with the Indian government taking a range of punitive actions against Chinese Companies (e.g. banning a range of Chinese applications), and implementing tighter restrictions on Chinese FDI. The Indian Army is currently considering a Chinese proposal to resolve the troop stand-off through a temporary disengagement of soldiers, artillery and firepower from their forward positions in disputed regions, although it could mean India significantly risks losing territory currently under its control.

In October 2020, the Vatican renewed an agreement (from September 2018, for another 2 years) with the Chinese Communist Party, intended to recognise the Catholic Church in China. Although most of the agreement's terms remain secret, it is understood that Bishops must be approved by both the Vatican and Chinese Communist Party. Following the original agreement's signing, Pope Francis immediately recognized eight Chinese bishops who had been appointed by Beijing without his approval. Since then, two new bishops have been appointed, with a number of other appointments at various stages. Prior to the deal, China's roughly 12 million Catholics were split between an official government-run church and an underground church loyal to the Vatican. The US government pressed the Vatican to not renew the agreement, citing China's continued persecution of Catholics and other religious minorities.

On August 13 2020 the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and Israel signed a 'normalisation agreement' known as the Abraham Accords, brokered by the United States. The treaty recognises the sovereignty of each state and establishes protocols for diplomatic procedures such as the exchange of ambassadors. Israel has signed similar normalisation deals with Egypt (in 1979) and Jordan (in 1994). In September, despite irate protests from Palestine, the Arab League refused to condemn the normalisation agreement.

The United States maintains a 'State Sponsors of Terrorism' List (SSTL). There are only four countries on the list: Syria, (since 1979), Iran (since 1984), Sudan (since 1993) and North Korea (since 2017). Being on the list has a series of consequences: heavy restrictions on aid, limitations on exports to the countries in question (in particular a ban on defence products) and a series of other restrictions. Sudan is on the list due to their alleged funding and support of Al-Qaeda and other terrorist groups, including connections to the bombings of embassies in Kenya and Tanzania in 1998. In 2019 Omar al-Bashir, the long time dictator of Sudan was ousted and replaced with a Transitional Military Council (TMC). Sudan has been heavily hit by the COVID 19 pandemic: 10 million people in Sudan face food shortages and Sudan's inflation rate has consistently sat at above 100%. This year Mike Pompeo visited Khartoum to indicate support for the new government. Pompeo offered to remove Sudan from the SSTL in exchange for a $330m compensation pay-out directly to the American victims of Al-Qaeda. The initial assessment for the compensation pay-out by American courts was an amount over $10 billion.

In just war theory 'jus post bellum' refers to moral requirements that states that conduct war assist in post-war reconstruction and settlement (e.g. signing a proper peace treaty, rebuilding infrastructure, establishing a competent judiciary and potentially even conducting trials for war crimes.). The international codification of jus post bellum would mean that states that fail to properly adhere to such requirements would likely face strict sanctions from the global community.

In some countries, including el Salvador, Mexico, the Philippines, Kyrgyzstan, and most recently Colombia, heads of state are restricted to a single term in office of 4-6 years depending on the country, and are not able to run for re-election.

X's friend tells them that they committed a crime. They explain that they are having trouble sleeping at night and feel you are the only one they can trust with their confession. A few days later, you read in the paper that someone has been arrested for your friend's crime.

In 2015 Iran signed the 'Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action', also known as the Iran Deal. In exchange for committing to denuclearisation and allowing UN inspection of their nuclear sites, the international community would unfreeze Iranian assets and remove economic sanctions. In 2018 President Donald Trump removed the United States from the deal. In 2020 Iran formally announced it would no longer comply with the deal. Joe Biden has indicated his willingness to resume the Iran Deal. Other parties to the deal like Germany have suggested they would require an 'Iran Deal Plus' to re-enter. An Iran Deal Plus would involve Iran making additional concessions, perhaps including the dismantling of its ballistic missile program or ceasing funding extremist groups throughout the Middle East.

As part of South Korean President Moon Jae-In's peace initiative - in early November 2019, two North Korean fishermen were repatriated to the North where they likely faced execution. This was the first time since the end of the Korean War that the country had expelled North Korean refugees — or "defectors" , who were already on South Korean soil and expressed a desire to stay.

ASEAN bonds' would be debt investments whereby the entire ASEAN bloc could collectively borrow money from foreign investors.

The Tigray region is one of 10 semi-autonomous federal states organised along ethnic lines in Ethiopia, and home mostly to the Tigrayan people who make up about 6 percent of Ethiopia's population of more than 110 million. Tigray People's Liberation Front (TPLF) is the ruling party of Tigray and have a fractious relationship with the federal government of Abiy Ahmed. Relations have been especially fraught in the past few weeks, and Ethiopia is on the brink of a civil war.

Pretty Cure(プリキュア) is a group of superheroes who, with the assistance of creatures known as fairies, use their magical powers(i.e. discharging a beam from their hands) and enhanced strength to fight against evil forces who bring misery to the Earth. They are also known as feminist icons. However, in these days Pretty Cure have been showing a variety of members, such as fairies, androids, and even boys. The essence of them lies in being dignified and brave in tackling difficulties, so they fight to protect everyone's smile.

On the onset of the European Crisis, Turkey and the EU struck a deal to have a 1:1 share of the burden such that for every irregular migrant going into Greece from Turkey can be sent back to Turkey. In exchange, for every migrant that was eligible under a case-by-case basis review done by the Turkish government would be resettled into the EU. Turkey would host a significant number of irregular migrants and currently holds a load of 3.6 million refugees while the entirety of the EU holds only about a million. In exchange for hosting irregular migrants, the EU also offered to 3.3 billion Euros in aid, increasing access to visas for Turkish citizens and re-energizing talks of Turkish membership (which remains a non-member state until today). Turkey has also criticized the EU for not holding up to the full 1:1 burden of the deal forcing to Turkey to take on most of the refugee load.

Hegemony is the political, economic, or military predominance of control of one state over others. There are regional hegemonies such as India as hegemony in the South Asian region or the United States as a global hegemony

A unitary government is a central supreme government which holds the authority over, and makes decisions for, states as compared to a federal system where states have power to decide their own laws that are usually in line with the constitution. This would mean that in a unitary government, there would only be a single national government, without state governments. However, members of Parliament that represents constituencies still exist. A direct election means that the citizens of a country will directly vote for the Prime Minister in contrast to a Prime Minister that is voted from the majority party or coalition, by the party or coalition. This would mean that there could be a government and Prime Minister from different parties.

Recently, it was suggested by a former Singaporean diplomat that ASEAN expel Cambodia and Laos following criticisms of their pro-Beijing stances on the South China Sea and Chinese dams on the Mekong River. For example, a few weeks after Cambodia heavily pushed for ASEAN communiques to remove references of China's actions in the South China Sea, Beijing pledged an additional US$600m in aid and loans to Cambodia.

On October 15, President Rodrigo Duterte has approved the lifting of the ban on oil and gas exploration in the West Philippine Sea, paving the way for the resumption of drilling activities in the disputed waters, as well as the planned joint exploration with China. The ban was implemented during President Benigno Aquino's term a few years ago amid rising tensions with Mainland China.

The ideology of globalism refers to the sociopolitical view that increased interdependency, international trade and political unions and alliances between states and nations are desirable phenomena.

In September, Israel signed normalisation agreements with Bahrain and the UAE. These plans included increased economic cooperation, the establishment of reciprocal embassies, and an attempt to realign Middle Eastern countries against Iran. Whereas Oman has come out in support of this, many other Arab states have condemned the agreement in light of Israel's decades-old conflict with Palestine.

In 2019, Europe and the US announced regulations against Huawei, a major Chinese tech company, and banned their 5G technology. Donald Trump issued executive orders against TikTok and WeChat; these companies are also facing data regulations in the EU and US.

The Abraham Accords, brokered by the U.S. in August 2020, refers to the peace agreements between Israel and the United Arab Emirates (the Israel–United Arab Emirates normalization agreement) and Bahrain (the Bahrain–Israel normalization agreement).This includes establishing embassies, opening trade, and allowing citizens to travel between the separate countries. This was the first time any Arab country had normalized relations with Israel since Jordan in 1994.

On September, Israel and UAE gathered and signed a conundrum. The conundrum consisted of several points that will allow more political and economic relations between the two parties. It says that the conundrum represents an unprecedented agreement. Some part of the agreement is how UAE agrees to recognize Israel as a Jewish state and Israel would cease all attempts to annex the west bank.

bail-in provides relief to a financial institution by the institution (i.e. a bank) using the money of its unsecured creditors, including depositors and bondholders, to restructure their capital so it can stay afloat. In effect, the institution is allowed to convert its debt into equity for the purpose of increasing its capital requirements. A bailout, however, involves the rescue of a financial institution by external parties, typically governments, using taxpayers' money for funding. Bailouts help to prevent creditors from taking on losses while bail-ins mandate creditors to take losses.

Honjok culture originated in South Korea and encourages people to embrace solitude and independence. This looks like the increase of single person households, changing attitudes towards romance, family and a move away from communal activities.

Indirect expropriation occurs when a state takes action which strongly depreciates the value of an investment without a direct taking of property e.g. Australian cigarette packaging laws, Germany regulating nuclear energy plans, lockdown regulations

After the collapse of communism in Europe, many countries implemented a policy of lustration. The policy involves screening new officials (elected or appointed) and sets some consequences if they are found to have been involved with the communist regime (in particular, collaborated with the secret services). These consequences can range from publicising information about collaboration in the previous regime through dismissal and banning from holding certain offices. Notably, this policy captured large proportions of the population by including informants, members of the secret police and those in government positions during the regime.

Lebanon is undergoing a severe economic crisis caused in part by corruption in the financial sector. Hezbollah, a US-designated terrorist organization backed by Iran and a key power broker in Lebanon, recently allowed the Lebanese government to request billions of dollars in emergency bailout funds from the International Monetary Fund (IMF).

Julian Assange is the founder of Wikileaks and mostly known for publishing US Army leaks in 2010. The US has charged him under the espionage act, which carries a maximum sentence of 170 years in prison. He's currently detained in the UK. Trials about extradition to the US have started this week.

On September 15th Israel has signed normalization agreements with the United Arab Emirates and Bahrain, brokered by the United States of America. These normalization agreements include, but are not limited to, the establishment of reciprocal embassies and increased economic cooperation in areas of mutual benefit

ISDS, or investor-state dispute settlement, is a mechanism that enables foreign investors to resolve disputes with the government of the country where their investment was made (host state) in a neutral forum through binding international arbitration.

Nepal is a part of China's ambitious Belt and Road Initiative. In recent times, China has overtaken India as the biggest investor in the country. Many critique China for their increasing political influence in recent days.

The Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP), also called the Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement, was a proposed trade agreement between Australia, Brunei, Canada, Chile, Japan, Malaysia, Mexico, New Zealand, Peru, Singapore, Vietnam, and the United States signed on 4 February 2016. After the US president Donald Trump withdrew the US signature from TPP in January 2017, the agreement could not be ratified as required and did not enter into force. The remaining countries negotiated a new trade agreement called Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership, which incorporates most of the provisions of the TPP and which entered into force on 30 December 2018.

Vaccine nationalism is when a country manages to secure doses of vaccines for its own citizens or residents and prioritizes its own own domestic markets before they are made available in other countries. This is done through pre-purchase agreements between a government and vaccine manufacturer. The alternative to vaccine nationalism is global collaboration through WHO-backed facility mechanisms which have been mainly supported by low and middle-income countries (i.e. COVAX)

Several actors like the US Embassy, the EU, UN, and African Union have spoken out on the allegations of Human Rights abuses by the current Zimbabwean government. There have been nation-wide protests where security forces have responded with lethal force and brutality. Several civil society activists, political opposition leaders, and other critics of the government have been arbitrarily arrested, abducted, beaten, or tortured. South Africa, the current chair of the African Union, sent an envoy to engage with relevant stakeholders to identify possible ways in which South Africa can assist Zimbabwe with regard to the current human rights abuses there. The envoy did honour its scheduled meetings with the main opposition party MIDC (Movement for Democratic Change), and instead met only with the president of the leading party, Zanu PF' s Emmerson Mnangawa.

Over concerns of data privacy, the White House has imposed a Sept. 20 deadline for China based ByteDance (owner of the short video sharing app Tiktok) to come up with a plan to sell the video app's U.S. operations or be banned by the 29th of September. Bytedance rejected Microsoft's bid to buy TikTok's U.S. operations and instead chose Oracle to become TikTok's U.S. technology partner. It is unclear whether the White House will accept ByteDance's data restructuring proposal once the deadline is reached.

Tax evasion: illegal underpayment, or nonpayment of taxes Authoritarianism: a form of government characterized by strong central power maintained by political repression and limiting political freedoms.

The EPP is the conservative-Christian parliamentary group in the European Parliament that includes national European parties, such as the CDU in Germany, Fine Gael in Ireland, and the Austrian People's Party. It has been the largest group in the European Parliament since 1999. Fidesz is the current ruling political party in Hungary. Motion: TH,

A global citizenship market would allow individuals to sell their citizenship and purchase a new one. Motion: THS

For the purposes of this motion, "gay rights diplomacy" refers to efforts by the United States and key European allies to actively promote LGBTQ+ rights abroad through methods such as diplomatic persuasion, advocacy at international bodies, public addresses by western heads of state, and the promotion and support of local events and organizations related to gay activism. In the past, it has also involved public shaming, the implementation of financial sanctions, and the withholding of foreign aid from nations with stringent anti-gay laws. Motion: THB

"Uncontacted Peoples" are communities that exist largely in isolation from global civilization. Contact is often discouraged because of their poor immunity to common diseases (among other reasons), although safe contact is possible with appropriate precautions. Motion: THB

Turkey is currently a NATO member and ruled by its president/quasi-dictator Recep Erdoğan. Recent events within Turkey's history include (1) A failed coup by its military and a large scale purge by Erdoğan of the army and his political enemies (2016) -Worsening Western relations, notably US movement of nuclear materials out of the country in 2016 and EU's 2018 statement that Turkey is moving away from the EU and "accession negotiations have therefore effectively come to a standstill" (2) Turkish-Russian tensions, notably a Russian plane shot down in 2015. Many of these issues have been smoothed over, but there is still unease. Turkey has active interest within Syria, due to ethnicity concerns (Kurdistan boundaries overlap the country) as well as commercial and religious (Sunni) interests. Motion: TH,

For the purposes of this debate, "Political Expansionism" is an approach to international relations which involves exerting pressure over and intervening in the internal affairs of other states. It seeks to spread ideology and exercise influence over the political and information environments of the targeted countries through channels such as economic investment and backing political groups.

In matters of high sensitivity and complexity, the European Council requires unanimous decision-making. These matters include, but are not limited to foreign policy decisions, granting new rights to EU citizens and suspending the rights of current member states.

Substantial economic harms: e.g. restricting access to important trade routes on straits, aggressively increasing the price of vital commodities, limiting access to strategic resources